A comment is a piece of code that is excluded from the compilation process. A comment begins with a single-quote character. Comments can begin anywhere on a source line, and the end of the physical line ends the comment. The compiler ignores the characters between the beginning of the comment and the line terminator. Consequently, comments cannot extend across multiple lines.

'Comment goes here till the end of the line.

True and False are literals of the Boolean type that map to the true and false state, respectively.

Micro Basic supports only integer values ranged from -2,147,483,648 (0x80000000) to 2,147,483,647 (0x7FFFFFFF).

Numbers can be preceded with a sign (+ or -), and can be written in one of the following formats:

• Decimal Representation
  Number is represented in a set of decimal digits (0-9).

  120                5622                504635

  Are all valid decimal numbers.
• Hexadecimal Representation
  Number is represented in a set of hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F) preceded by 0x.

  0xA1               0x4C2               0xFFFF

  Are all valid hexadecimal numbers representing decimal values 161, 1218 and 65535 respectively.
• Binary Representation
  Number is represented in a set of binary digits (0-1) preceded by 0b.

  0b101              0b1110011           0b111001010

  Are all valid binary numbers representing decimal values 5, 115 and 458 respectively.

Strings are any string of printable characters enclosed in a pair of quotation marks. Non printing characters may be represented by simple or hexadecimal escape sequence. Micro Basic only handles strings using the Print command. Strings cannot be stored in variable and no string handling instructions exist.

• Simple Escape Sequence
  The following escape sequences can be used to print non-visible or characters:

  Sequence	Description
  \'	Single quote
  \"	Double quote
  \\	Backslash
  \0	Null
  \a	Alert
  \b	Backspace
  \f	Form feed
  \n	New line
  \r	Carriage return
  \t	Horizontal tab
  \v	Vertical tab

• Hexadecimal Escape Sequence

  Hexadecimal escape sequence is represented in a set of hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F) preceded by \x in the string (such as \x10 for character with ASCII 16).

  Since a hexadecimal escape sequence can have a variable number of hex digits, the string literal "\x123" contains a single character with hex value 123. To create a string containing the character with hex value 12 followed by the character 3, one could write "\x00123".

So, to represent a string with the statement "Hello World!" followed by a new line, you may use the following syntax:

"Hello World!\n"

A group of executable statements is called a statement block. Execution of a statement block begins with the first statement in the block. Once a statement has been executed, the next statement in lexical order is executed, unless a statement transfers execution elsewhere.

A label is an identifier that identifies a particular position within the statement block that can be used as the target of a branch statement such as GoTo, GoSub or Return.

Label declaration statements must appear at the beginning of a line. Label declaration statements must always be followed by a colon (:) as the following:

Print_Label:
    Print("Hello World!")

Label name should start with alphabetical character and followed by zero or more alphanumeric characters or underscore. Label names cannot start with underscore. Labels names cannot match any of Micro Basic reserved words.

Label names are case insensitive that is PrintLabel is identical to printlabel.

The scope of a label extends whole the program. Labels cannot be declared more than once in the program.

Micro Basic contains only two types of variable (Integer and Boolean) in addition to arrays of these types. Boolean and arrays must be declared before use, but Integer variables may not be declared unless you use the Option Explicit compiler directive.

Option Explicit

Variables can be declared using DIM keyword.

Variable name should start with alphabetical character and followed by zero or more alphanumeric characters or underscore. Variable names cannot start with underscore. Variable names cannot match any of Micro Basic reserved words.

Variable names are case insensitive, that is VAR is identical to var.

The scope of a variable extends whole the program. Variables cannot be declared more than once in the program.

Arrays is special variables that holds a set of values of the variable type. Arrays are declared using DIM command.

To access specific element in the array you can use the indexer [] (square brackets). Arrays indices are zero based, so index of 5 refer to the 6^th element of the array.

arr[0] = 10     'Set the value of the first element in the array to 10.
a = arr[5]      'Store the 6th element of the array into variable a.

In the following sections we will introduce Micro Basic commands and how it is used, and here is the list of terminology used in the following sections:

• Micro Basic commands and functions will be marked in blue and cyan respectively.
• Anything enclosed in is mandatory and must be supplied.
• Anything enclosed in [ ] is optional, except for arrays where the square brackets is used as indexers.
• Anything enclosed in { } and separated by | characters are multi choice options.
• Any items followed by an ellipsis, ... , may be repeated any number of times.
• Any punctuation and symbols, except those above, are part of the structure and must be included.

A keyword is a word that has special meaning in a language construct. All keywords are reserved by the language and may not be used as variables or label names. Below is a list of all Micro Basic keywords:

Micro Basic provides a large set of operators, which are symbols or keywords that specify which operations to perform in an expression. Micro Basic predefines the usual arithmetic and logical operators, as well as a variety of others as shown in the following table.

Micro Basic currently support only one function called Abs.

The following is a set of device functions for interacting with the Controller

The following is a set of functions for interacting with the timers:

Micro Basic by default treats undeclared identifiers as integer variables. If you want the compilers checks that every variable used in the program is declared and generate compilation error if a variable is not previously declared, you may use Option explicit compiler option by pacing the following at the beginning of the program:

Option Explicit

Micro Basic contains only two types of variable (Integer and Boolean) in addition to arrays of these types. Boolean and arrays must be declared before use, but Integer variables may not be declared unless you use the Option Explicit compiler directive.

Dim var As { Integer | Boolean }

The following example illustrates how to declare Integer variable:

Dim intVar As Integer

Arrays declaration uses a different syntax, where you should specify the array length between square brackets []. Array length should be integer value greater than 1.

Dim arr[n] As { Integer | Boolean }

The following example illustrates how to declare array of 10 integers:

Dim arr[10] As Integer

To access array elements (get/set), you may need to take a look to Arrays section.

Variable and arrays names should follow specification stated in the Variables section.

• Line If

  If  Then  [Else ]

• Block If

  If  [Then]
       
  [ElseIf  [Then]
      ]
  [ElseIf  [Then]
      ]
  ...    
  [Else 
      ]
  End If

An If...Then statement is the basic conditional statement. If the expression in the If statement is true, the statements enclosed by the If block are executed. If the expression is false, each of the ElseIf expressions is evaluated. If one of the ElseIf expressions evaluates to true, the corresponding block is executed. If no expression evaluates to true and there is an Else block, the Else block is executed. Once a block finishes executing, execution passes to the end of the If...Then statement.

The line version of the If statement has a single statement to be executed if the If expression is true and an optional statement to be executed if the expression is false. For example:

Dim a As Integer
Dim b As Integer

a = 10
b = 20
' Block If statement.
If a < b Then
    a = b
Else
    b = a
End If

' Line If statement
If a < b Then a = b Else b = a

Below is an example where ElseIf takes place:

If score >= 90 Then
    grade = 1
ElseIf score >= 80 Then
    grade = 2
ElseIf score >= 70 Then
    grade = 3
Else
    grade = 4
End If

Micro Basic contains two types of For...Next loops:

• Traditional For...Next:
  Traditional For...Next exists for backward compatibility with Basic, but it is not recommended due to its inefficient execution.

  Traditional For...Next is the same syntax as Basic For...Next statement.

• C-Style For...Next:

  This is a new style of For...Next statement optimized to work with Roboteq controllers and it is recommended to be used. It is the same semantics as C++ for loop, but with a different syntax.

  For  =  AndWhile  [Evaluate ]
      
  Next

  The c-style for loop is executed by initialize the loop variable, then the loop continues while the condition is true and after execution of single loop the evaluate statement is executed then continues to next loop.

  Dim arr[10] As Integer
  For i = 0 AndWhile i < 10
      arr[i] = -1
  Next

  The previous example illustrates how to initialize array elements to -1.

  The following example illustrates how to use Evaluate to print even values from 0-10 inclusive:

  For i = 0 AndWhile i <= 10 Evaluate i += 2
      Print(i, "\n")
  Next

• While ... End While Statement

  While 
      
  End While

  Example:

  a = 10
  While a > 0
      Print("a = ", a, "\n")
      a--
  End While
  Print("Loop ended with a = ", a, "\n")

• Do While ... Loop Statement

  Do While 
      
  Loop

  The Do While ... Loop statement is the same as functionality of the While ... End While statement but uses a different syntax.

  a = 10
  Do While a > 0
      Print("a = ", a, "\n")
      a--
  Loop
  Print("Loop ended with a = ", a, "\n")
                          

• Do Until ... Loop Statement

  Do Until 
      
  Loop

  Unlike Do While ... Loop statement, Do Until ... Loop statement exist the loop when the expression evaluates to true..

  a = 10
  Do Until a = 0
      Print("a = ", a, "\n")
      a--
  Loop
  Print("Loop ended with a = ", a, "\n")
                          

• Do ... Loop While Statement

  Do
      
  Loop While 

  Do ... Loop While statement grantees that the loop block will be executed at least once as the condition is evaluated and checked after executing the block.

  a = 10
  Do
      Print("a = ", a, "\n")
      a--
  Loop While a > 0
  Print("Loop ended with a = ", a, "\n")
                      

• Do ... Loop Until Statement

  Do
      
  Loop Until 

  Unlike Do ... Loop While statement, Do ... Loop Until statement exist the loop when the expression evaluates to true..

  a = 10
  Do 
      Print("a = ", a, "\n")
      a--
  Loop Until a = 0
  Print("Loop ended with a = ", a, "\n")
                      

The Terminate statement ends the execution of the program.

Terminate

The following is the syntax of Exit statement:

Exit { For | While | Do }

An Exit statement transfers execution to the next statement to immediately containing block statement of the specified kind. If the Exit statement is not contained within the kind of block specified in the statement, a compile-time error occurs.

The following is an example of how to use Exit statement in While loop:

While a > 0
    If b = 0 Then Exit While 
End While

The following is the syntax of Continue statement:

Continue { For | While | Do }

A Continue statement transfers execution to the beginning of immediately containing block statement of the specified kind. If the Continue statement is not contained within the kind of block specified in the statement, a compile-time error occurs.

The following is an example of how to use Continue statement in While loop:

While a > 0
    If b = 0 Then Continue While 
End While

A GoTo statement causes execution to transfer to the specified label. GoTo keyword should be followed by the label name.

GoTo 

The following example illustrates how to use GoTo statement:

GoTo Target_Label
Print("This will not be printed.\n")
Target_Label:
    Print("This will be printed.\n")

GoSub used to call a subroutine at specific label. Program execution is transferred to the specified label. Unlike the GoTo statement, GoSub remembers the calling point. Upon encountering a Return statement the execution will continue the next statement after the GoSub statement.

GoSub 

Return

Consider the following example:

Print("The first line.")
GoSub PrintLine
Print("The second line.")
GoSub PrintLine
Terminate

PrintLine:
    Print("\n")
    Return

The program will begin with executing the first print statement. Upon encountering the GoSub statement, the execution will be transferred to the given PrintLine label. The program prints the new line and upon encountering the Return statement the execution will be returning back to the second print statement and so on.

Converts the given expression into boolean value. It will be return False if expression evaluates to zero, True otherwise.

ToBool()

Consider the following example:

Print(ToBool(a), "\n")

The previous example will output False if value of a equals to zero, True otherwise.

Output the list of expression passed.

Print({str | expression | ToBool()}[,{str | expression | ToBool()}]...)

The print statement consists of the Print keyword followed by a list of expressions separated by comma. You can use ToBool keyword to force print of expressions as Boolean. Strings are C++ style strings with escape characters as described in the Strings section.

a = 3
b = 5
Print("a = ", a, ", b = ", b, "\n")
Print("Is a less than b = ", ToBool(a < b), "\n")

Returns the absolute value of an expression.

Abs()

Example:

a = 5
b = Abs(a – 2 * 10)

The + operator can function as either a unary or a binary operator.

+ expression
expression + expression

The - operator can function as either a unary or a binary operator.

- expression
expression - expression

The multiplication operator (*) computes the product of its operands.

expression * expression

The division operator (/) divides its first operand by its second.

expression * expression

The modulus operator (Mod) computes the remainder after dividing its first operand by its second.

expression Mod expression

The (And) operator functions only as a binary operator. For numbers, it computes the bitwise AND of its operands. For boolean operands, it computes the logical AND for its operands; that is the result is true if and only if both operands are true.

expression And expression

The (Or) operator functions only as a binary operator. For numbers, it computes the bitwise OR of its operands. For boolean operands, it computes the logical OR for its operands; that is, the result is false if and only if both its operands are false.

expression Or expression

The (XOr) operator functions only as a binary operator. For numbers, it computes the bitwise exclusive-OR of its operands. For boolean operands, it computes the logical exclusive-OR for its operands; that is, the result is true if and only if exactly one of its operands is true.

expression XOr expression

The (Not) operator functions only as a unary operator. For numbers, it performs a bitwise complement operation on its operand. For boolean operands, it negates its operand; that is, the result is true if and only if its operand is false.

Not expression

The True keyword is a literal of type Boolean representing the boolean value true.

The False keyword is a literal of type Boolean representing the boolean value false.

The increment operator (++) increments its operand by 1. The increment operator can appear before or after its operand:

++ var
var ++

The first form is a prefix increment operation. The result of the operation is the value of the operand after it has been incremented.

The second form is a postfix increment operation. The result of the operation is the value of the operand before it has been incremented.

a = 10
Print(a++, "\n")
Print(a, "\n")
Print(++a, "\n")
Print(a, "\n")

The output of previous program will be the following:

10
11
12
12

The decrement operator (--) decrements its operand by 1. The decrement operator can appear before or after its operand:

-- var
var --

The first form is a prefix decrement operation. The result of the operation is the value of the operand after it has been decremented.

The second form is a postfix decrement operation. The result of the operation is the value of the operand before it has been decremented.

a = 10
Print(a--, "\n")
Print(a, "\n")
Print(--a, "\n")
Print(a, "\n")

The output of previous program will be the following:

10
9
8
8

The left-shift operator (<<) shifts its first operand left by the number of bits specified by its second operand.

expression << expression

The high-order bits of left operand are discarded and the low-order empty bits are zero-filled. Shift operations never cause overflows.

The right-shift operator (>>) shifts its first operand right by the number of bits specified by its second operand.

expression >> expression

The inequality operator () returns false if its operands are equal, true otherwise.

expression  expression

Less than relational operator (<) returns true if the first operand is less than the second, false otherwise.

expression < expression

Greater than relational operator (>) returns true if the first operand is greater than the second, false otherwise.

expression > expression

Less than or equal relational operator (<=) returns true if the first operand is less than or equal to the second, false otherwise.

expression <= expression

Greater than relational operator (>) returns true if the first operand is greater than the second, false otherwise.

expression > expression

Greater than or equal relational operator (>=) returns true if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second, false otherwise.

expression >= expression

The addition assignment operator.

var += expression

An expression using the += assignment operator, such as

x += y

is equivalent to

x = x + y

The subtraction assignment operator.

var -= expression

An expression using the -= assignment operator, such as

x -= y

is equivalent to

x = x - y

The multiplication assignment operator.

var *= expression

An expression using the *= assignment operator, such as

x *= y

is equivalent to

x = x * y

The division assignment operator.

var /= expression

An expression using the /= assignment operator, such as

x /= y

is equivalent to

x = x / y

The left-shift assignment operator.

var <<= expression

An expression using the <<= assignment operator, such as

x <<= y

is equivalent to

x = x << y

The right-shift assignment operator.

var >>= expression

An expression using the >>= assignment operator, such as

x >>= y

is equivalent to

x = x >> y

Square brackets ([]) are used for arrays, see Arrays section.

This function is read operating parameters from the controller at runtime. The function requires a Operating Item, and an Index as parameters. The Operating Item can be any one from the table below. The Index is used to select one of the Value Items in multi channel configurations. When accessing a Operating Item that is not part of an array, the index value 1 must be used.

Details on the various operating parameters that can be read can be found in the Controller's User Manual

GetValue(OperatingItem, Index)

Current2 = GetValue(_BAMPS, 2) ' Read Battery Amps for Motor 2

Sensor = GetValue(_ANAIN, 6) ' Read voltage present at Analog Input 1

This function is used to send operating commands to the controller at runtime. The function requires a Command Item, and a Value as parameters. The Command Item can be any one from the table below. Details on the various commands, their effects and acceptable ranges can be found in the Controller's User Manual

SetCommand(CommandItem, [Channel], Value)

SetCommand(_GO, 1, 500) ' Set Motor 1 command level at 500

SetCommand(_DSET, 2) ' Activate Digital Output 2

These two functions are used to read or/and change one of the controller's configuration parameters at runtime. The changes are made in the controller's RAM and take effect immediately. Configuration changes are not stored in EEPROM.

Both commands require a Configuration Item, and an Index as parameters. The Configuration Item can be any one from the table below. The Index is used to select one of the Configuration Item in multi channel configurations. When accessing a configuration parameter that is not part of an array, the index value 1 must be used. Details on the various configurations items, their effects and acceptable values can be found in the Controller's User Manual.

Note that most but not all configuration parameters are accessible via the SetConfig or GetConfig function. No check is performed that the value you store is valid so this function must be handled with care.

When setting a configuration parameter, the new value of the parameter must be given in addition to the Configuration Item and Index.

SetConfig(ConfigurationItem, [Index], value)

GetConfig(ConfigurationItem, [Index])

Accel2 = GetConfig(_MAC, 2) ' Read Acceleration parameter for Motor 2

PWMFreq = GetConfig(_PWMF) ' Read Controller's PWM frequency

SetConfig(_MAC, 2, Accel2 * 2) ' Make Motor2 acceleration twice as slow

These two functions used to set/get timer count.

SetTimerCount(, )

GetTimerCount()

Where, index is the timer index (1-4) and milliseconds is the number of milliseconds to count.

These two functions used to set/get timer state (started or stopped).

SetTimerState(, )

GetTimerState()

Where, index is the timer index (1-4) and state is the timer state (1 means timer reached 0 and/or stopped, 0 means timer is running).